PROSE LITERATURE UNDER SALJUQUES:
During the great Saljuque dynasty (1037 A.D -1157A.D) the Persian Prose flourished into a fruitful branch of literature. The period is remarkable fro a significant development in the writing of Persian-prose in Iran. A host of writers produced their scholarly books on various branches of sciences. Most of the books were written due to the patronage of saljuque princes and ministers. The prose work of this period is usually in simple language and fluent style and free from rhetorical and literary pedanticity which made their way into Persian of the later Mongol period. And account of the celebrated works of the period of given below:-
WORKS ON MYSTICISM:
Kashful Mahjub: It was written by Abul Hasan Osman Ghaznavi well known as Hajari about the year 465/1072 A.D. It deals with the lives, doctrine and sayings of the Sufi saints. The book is considred to be the oldest original work on mysticism in Persian language.
Israrut-Tauheed: It was written in the later part of the 6th century A.H. by Md Bin Al Munawar. It is one of the most important and oldest mystical works on Sufi saints written in most elegant Persian. It mostly contains the biography, miracles and the sayings of Abu Sayeed Abil Khair and is full of anecdotes and mystical verses.
Tazkiratul Aulia: It was written in the early part of the 7th/13th century by the great Sufi poet and thinker Fariduddin Attar. It gives a vivid description of the biographies of 97 ancient mystics, their sayings, prayers and characters. The book is full interesting anecdots, traditions and moral teachings.
WORKS ON HISTORY
Zainul Akhbar: It is one of the oldest books on history Persian, written by Abu Sayeed Abdul Hayee of Gardiz, about 443-444 A.H. (1051-53A.D.) It is a brief history of Iran from the beginning of Islam to author's time.
Rahatus Sodur: It was written by Abu Bakr Muhammad Rawandi during the reign of Tughral bin Arsalan, the last Saljuqe ruler. It is the most significant and detailed history of the Saljuques from the beginning to its end. It is also important because it contains the names of a large number of poets and scholars of the period.
Tarikh-e-Baihqi: It is another important historical work produced during the Saljuque period. The book written by Khawaja Abul Fazl Baihqi (d. 470/1077-78) is the most authentic work on the history. It originally consisted of 30 volumes but at present except a few incomplete volumes, all have been lost. It is also called Tarikh-e-Masudi. Infact the book is the best example of Persian prose of the period.
ETHICAL WORKS:
Qaboos Nama: It is a book of moral percepts and rules of conduct. The book was written by Amir Ali Kaus bin Askandar bin Qabus Washmgir in 475/1082-83 A.D. for giving moral teachings to his son Jilan Shah. It contains 44 chapters and is full of wit and wisdom, rich in anecdotes and illustration. The language and style of the work is simple, clear and forcible.
Siyasat Namah or Sairul Muluk: It is a well known work on morality and ethics. Its author Abu 'Ali al-Hasan bin Ishaque (who is generally known by his title Nizamul Mulk Tusi (1012-1092 A.D.) had been a Prime Minister for 30 years in the court of Alp Arsalan and Malik Shah. The book was written in 485 A.H. (1091 A.D.) in a simple and straightforward style.
Kimiya-i-Sa'adat: Another important prose work is the celebrated Kimiya-i-Sa'adat of Hujjatul Islam Abu hamid Md. Al-Ghazali written in the later part of the 5th/11th century. It deals with the moral doctrine of Islam. The style of the book is lucid, simple, charming and attractive.
LITERARY WORKS:
Hadaiq-us-Sihr: It is another interesting prose work on rhetoric and poetry. The author Rashiduddin Watwat was the poet laureate of Sultan Atsiz Khawarazm, on whose request he wrote the book in very eloquent prose. It was completed in the middle of the 6th/12th century.
Chahar Maqala: It was written by Nizami 'Aruzi Samarqandi in 550/1155 A.D. It consists of four parts on the art of secretary ship, poetry, astronomy and medicine. The book is the most authentic and valuable for the biographical account of the great poets and scholar, some of whom were contemporaries of the author. The style of Chahar Maqala is very charming, lucid, elegant and powerful.
Maqamat-e-Hamidi: It is well known work in ornate Persian. It consists of 23 chapters on literary discourse, arguments, discussions and riddles. It was written by Qazi Hamiduddin Omar bin Mahmud of Balkh (d. 559/1164 A.D. ) in the middle of the 6th century A.H.
Kalila Wa Damna: Originally a Sanskrit work on fables was translated into Pahlavi during the reign of Sasanian king Anushirwan. This Pahlavi translation was rended into Arabic by Abdullah ibn Al-Muqaffa. The present Kalila was Damna, translated from the version of Ibn-Muqaffa into Persian, by Abul Ma'ali Nasrullah in the middle of the 6th century A.H. The style of the book is extremely fluent and charming.
Marzaban Nama: It is also a book of fables like the kalila wa Damna. It was written by Saaduddin Waravini of Azerbaijan in the early part of the 7th century A.H.
WORKS ON MYSTICISM:
Kashful Mahjub: It was written by Abul Hasan Osman Ghaznavi well known as Hajari about the year 465/1072 A.D. It deals with the lives, doctrine and sayings of the Sufi saints. The book is considred to be the oldest original work on mysticism in Persian language.
Israrut-Tauheed: It was written in the later part of the 6th century A.H. by Md Bin Al Munawar. It is one of the most important and oldest mystical works on Sufi saints written in most elegant Persian. It mostly contains the biography, miracles and the sayings of Abu Sayeed Abil Khair and is full of anecdotes and mystical verses.
Tazkiratul Aulia: It was written in the early part of the 7th/13th century by the great Sufi poet and thinker Fariduddin Attar. It gives a vivid description of the biographies of 97 ancient mystics, their sayings, prayers and characters. The book is full interesting anecdots, traditions and moral teachings.
WORKS ON HISTORY
Zainul Akhbar: It is one of the oldest books on history Persian, written by Abu Sayeed Abdul Hayee of Gardiz, about 443-444 A.H. (1051-53A.D.) It is a brief history of Iran from the beginning of Islam to author's time.
Rahatus Sodur: It was written by Abu Bakr Muhammad Rawandi during the reign of Tughral bin Arsalan, the last Saljuqe ruler. It is the most significant and detailed history of the Saljuques from the beginning to its end. It is also important because it contains the names of a large number of poets and scholars of the period.
Tarikh-e-Baihqi: It is another important historical work produced during the Saljuque period. The book written by Khawaja Abul Fazl Baihqi (d. 470/1077-78) is the most authentic work on the history. It originally consisted of 30 volumes but at present except a few incomplete volumes, all have been lost. It is also called Tarikh-e-Masudi. Infact the book is the best example of Persian prose of the period.
ETHICAL WORKS:
Qaboos Nama: It is a book of moral percepts and rules of conduct. The book was written by Amir Ali Kaus bin Askandar bin Qabus Washmgir in 475/1082-83 A.D. for giving moral teachings to his son Jilan Shah. It contains 44 chapters and is full of wit and wisdom, rich in anecdotes and illustration. The language and style of the work is simple, clear and forcible.
Siyasat Namah or Sairul Muluk: It is a well known work on morality and ethics. Its author Abu 'Ali al-Hasan bin Ishaque (who is generally known by his title Nizamul Mulk Tusi (1012-1092 A.D.) had been a Prime Minister for 30 years in the court of Alp Arsalan and Malik Shah. The book was written in 485 A.H. (1091 A.D.) in a simple and straightforward style.
Kimiya-i-Sa'adat: Another important prose work is the celebrated Kimiya-i-Sa'adat of Hujjatul Islam Abu hamid Md. Al-Ghazali written in the later part of the 5th/11th century. It deals with the moral doctrine of Islam. The style of the book is lucid, simple, charming and attractive.
LITERARY WORKS:
Hadaiq-us-Sihr: It is another interesting prose work on rhetoric and poetry. The author Rashiduddin Watwat was the poet laureate of Sultan Atsiz Khawarazm, on whose request he wrote the book in very eloquent prose. It was completed in the middle of the 6th/12th century.
Chahar Maqala: It was written by Nizami 'Aruzi Samarqandi in 550/1155 A.D. It consists of four parts on the art of secretary ship, poetry, astronomy and medicine. The book is the most authentic and valuable for the biographical account of the great poets and scholar, some of whom were contemporaries of the author. The style of Chahar Maqala is very charming, lucid, elegant and powerful.
Maqamat-e-Hamidi: It is well known work in ornate Persian. It consists of 23 chapters on literary discourse, arguments, discussions and riddles. It was written by Qazi Hamiduddin Omar bin Mahmud of Balkh (d. 559/1164 A.D. ) in the middle of the 6th century A.H.
Kalila Wa Damna: Originally a Sanskrit work on fables was translated into Pahlavi during the reign of Sasanian king Anushirwan. This Pahlavi translation was rended into Arabic by Abdullah ibn Al-Muqaffa. The present Kalila was Damna, translated from the version of Ibn-Muqaffa into Persian, by Abul Ma'ali Nasrullah in the middle of the 6th century A.H. The style of the book is extremely fluent and charming.
Marzaban Nama: It is also a book of fables like the kalila wa Damna. It was written by Saaduddin Waravini of Azerbaijan in the early part of the 7th century A.H.
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